Journal: Virulence

Article Title: Melioidosis molecular diagnostics: An update

doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2505698

Figure Lengend Snippet: Challenges of Melioidosis. Melioidosis caused by B. pseudomallei is highly underreported worldwide. The reasons for its underdiagnosis are multifactorial. Their resistance to common antibiotics and non-specific symptoms that mimic the symptoms of other diseases lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Moreover, the gold standard of disease involving bacterial culture is slow and requires specialized conditions, leading to high mortality rates. The limited availability of advanced molecular diagnostics in endemic regions further complicates timely and accurate detection.

Article Snippet: Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) , Australia , B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) , Serum, urine, sputum, pus, plasma and whole blood samples , Serum- 27%, In bacteraemia melioidosis: 39%, In septic shock: 68%; Urine: 63%. In bacteraemia melioidosis: 72%. In septic shock: 90% Sputum: 85% Pus: 83% , High , InBios International, Inc , 232 , – , – , – , <1 hr , - , Large prospective studies in melioidosis-endemic regions are needed to accurately determine the kit’s specificity. , [ ] .

Techniques:

Journal: Virulence

Article Title: Melioidosis molecular diagnostics: An update

doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2505698

Figure Lengend Snippet: Development of diagnostic kit for melioidosis detection. The current diagnostic kits for melioidosis are primarily based on the following technologies: Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and lateral flow assays. These assays are tailored to detect patient samples (blood, urine, sputum, etc.) containing specific biomarkers associated with the disease. Rigorous validation procedures are conducted to optimize sensitivity and specificity, culminating in producing prototype kits designed for precise and reliable detection of melioidosis. The major companies involved in developing and producing these diagnostic kits are also highlighted for each category.

Article Snippet: Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) , Australia , B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) , Serum, urine, sputum, pus, plasma and whole blood samples , Serum- 27%, In bacteraemia melioidosis: 39%, In septic shock: 68%; Urine: 63%. In bacteraemia melioidosis: 72%. In septic shock: 90% Sputum: 85% Pus: 83% , High , InBios International, Inc , 232 , – , – , – , <1 hr , - , Large prospective studies in melioidosis-endemic regions are needed to accurately determine the kit’s specificity. , [ ] .

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Virulence

Article Title: Melioidosis molecular diagnostics: An update

doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2505698

Figure Lengend Snippet: Milestones in melioidosis detection techniques. Significant progress has been made in the detection techniques for melioidosis. This timeline highlights the chronological account of important milestones in the evolution of diagnostic methods for melioidosis. Over the decades, diagnostic approaches have progressed from basic culture-based methods and serological assays to more precise biochemical tests and PCR-based molecular techniques. The development of rapid diagnostic tools and the adoption of next-generation sequencing have further enhanced diagnostic accuracy and strain typing, significantly improving the management and control of melioidosis.

Article Snippet: Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) , Australia , B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) , Serum, urine, sputum, pus, plasma and whole blood samples , Serum- 27%, In bacteraemia melioidosis: 39%, In septic shock: 68%; Urine: 63%. In bacteraemia melioidosis: 72%. In septic shock: 90% Sputum: 85% Pus: 83% , High , InBios International, Inc , 232 , – , – , – , <1 hr , - , Large prospective studies in melioidosis-endemic regions are needed to accurately determine the kit’s specificity. , [ ] .

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Next-Generation Sequencing, Control

Journal: Virulence

Article Title: Melioidosis molecular diagnostics: An update

doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2505698

Figure Lengend Snippet: Current and future diagnostic techniques used for melioidosis diagnosis. This cartoon representation presents a comprehensive overview highlighting the progression from traditional methods to cutting-edge technologies, aiming to achieve earlier detection, improved accuracy, and better patient outcomes in melioidosis management. Existing techniques include bacterial culture, which remains the gold standard but is time-consuming, along with imaging studies and serological assays such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and molecular methods like real-time PCR, which offer higher sensitivity and specificity.

Article Snippet: Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) , Australia , B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) , Serum, urine, sputum, pus, plasma and whole blood samples , Serum- 27%, In bacteraemia melioidosis: 39%, In septic shock: 68%; Urine: 63%. In bacteraemia melioidosis: 72%. In septic shock: 90% Sputum: 85% Pus: 83% , High , InBios International, Inc , 232 , – , – , – , <1 hr , - , Large prospective studies in melioidosis-endemic regions are needed to accurately determine the kit’s specificity. , [ ] .

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Imaging, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Virulence

Article Title: Melioidosis molecular diagnostics: An update

doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2505698

Figure Lengend Snippet: Future of melioidosis diagnostic techniques. Future diagnostic advancements include point-of-care diagnostics, including lateral flow assays, which provide rapid results and are particularly useful in resource-limited settings. CRISPR-Cas-based assays, diagnostic biomarkers, and AI models are also expected to enhance detection speed, accuracy, and accessibility, addressing current limitations and improving early diagnosis in endemic regions.

Article Snippet: Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) , Australia , B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) , Serum, urine, sputum, pus, plasma and whole blood samples , Serum- 27%, In bacteraemia melioidosis: 39%, In septic shock: 68%; Urine: 63%. In bacteraemia melioidosis: 72%. In septic shock: 90% Sputum: 85% Pus: 83% , High , InBios International, Inc , 232 , – , – , – , <1 hr , - , Large prospective studies in melioidosis-endemic regions are needed to accurately determine the kit’s specificity. , [ ] .

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, CRISPR, Biomarker Discovery